Understanding Communication in Animals

Understanding Communication in AnimalsEver since the beginning of animate cosmos and military personnel race existence, there has been a continuous flow of reading between individuals and groups. The term intercourse comes from Latin word commnicre to sh atomic number 18 and defines the process of giving in familyation or of making emotions or ideas known to someone (MacMillanDictionary n.d.).Human communication has a very elaborated structure. A language is a complex communication system and it occurs when the speaker and the listener possess a representational process that is common and that ensures similar coding and decoding of signal meaning (Rendall et al. 2009) Even if animals efficacy not have the ability to speak a language or utter various words, they have m both other ways of expressing themselves.In animal communication, olfactory property is probably the most common sense single-valued functiond by animals in order to mark their territory, to warn off or even sc are off intruders, to show their readiness to mate or even to attract the give. In general, they use strong smelling urine for these purposes but some animals possess thread glands that take a crap persistent odours. Skunks are widely known for their anal scent glands that spray an oily liquid towards their enemy. The foul mist does not do every serious damage to the victim but it scares him off and it could linger on his body for a few days. Snakes and lizards use their tongues in order to collect the scent particles in the air then they analyze the information inside their mouths. Many insects, such as bees, ants and moths use pheromones to communicate, mostly for attracting males. Another source of scent utilized by some animals (for example the rabbit, the hippopotamus, the vicuna) to make their presence be felt on different territories is excrements. They try to mark their territory by dropping enceinte heaps of feces so others would keep distance.The second sense that an imals rely on to a swell extent is hearing. In order to survive and succeed, animals fall themselves by the acoustic signals that they produce and receive. There is an ample variety of sounds that could be produced by animals, depending on size and species. Numerous acoustic signals that are transmitted by animals are not distinguished or noticed by humans because of the ultra-low sounds that cant be perceived by human ear. The most verbal animals are birds that are well-known for their songs in different tonalities and cheerful chirping, e peculiar(prenominal)ly in spring and summer. Whales, the bouffantst of all mammals, are experts in the art of sound communication. They use various types of sounds, desire whistles, clicks and pulsed calls for multiple purposes echolocation, mate calling, and social interaction (Anon n.d.). Other animals that are often heard by humans are frogs and toads that have positive their vocal signals by using little bags of air as sound resonators which are situated on the sides of the fountainhead or in the throat. Elephants can produce a wide range of sounds, from rumbles to snorts and cries, going from very low frequencies to higher ones. When they are in danger or they are in a evince of extreme excitement they use their trunks to deliver long resounding trumpeting. Their large ears allow them to have a great sensitivity to lower frequencies and besides a get out capacity in localizing sounds.A third sense that helps animals communicate is sight. Visual signals at animals are diverse and they can come in many forms of display, such as mimicry, body posture, and facial expressions. For example, male peacocks and lyre birds display their exquisite colorful feathers and bodies in order to attract females for mating, visual communication being used in their advantage. Body language is frequently used by dogs, cats, monkeys and other animals. An example would be the moment when two dogs meet for the first measure and they start setting their hierarchical position through body postures. If one holds its tail between the legs it means that the dog is free-base in a subordinate position, allowing the other, with raised tail, to exercise power and dominance. Dogs likewise make use of their tails by wagging them in order to show happiness, excitement or pleasure. In opposition, cats gesture tail is a signal of anger and irritation. The non-human primates, the monkeys, use a lot of facial expressions and body language to express their feelings. They flutter eyelids and raise eyebrows to denote pleasure, they encompass to show friendship towards the other, and the males hit their chests in order to show superiority.The art of mimicry is a fascinating modality of visual communication between animals. caricature occurs when an animal copies the actions, the appearance or the sounds of another animal or even the surrounding itself in order to avoid predators and enemies and to get them confused. For exa mple, the peacock butterfly has large eye-spots on its wings to give the predator the false impression that it represents something bigger than it actually is so that would scare him off. Another example is the elephant hawk moth caterpillar who inflates its snake-like- head when being attacked to create the illusion of being a bigger and scarier animal. Other type of visual communication is warning coloration which can be found at caterpillars, various insects, frogs and snakes, the bright colors representing a warning for the potential predators. Their coloration pattern shows how dangerous or poisonous they can be and also if they have a dreadful taste. So, in general, animals learn how to avoid the danger in such cases.Even though it might not be as important as other senses, touch is used by some animals in order to communicate their feelings towards others. As humans make certain gestures like shaking hands, kissing or hugging when meeting someone, monkeys also hug as a sign o f affection. In addition to humans, they have a special and unique greeting which consists in placing the hand in the for each one others mouth as a sign of trust and friendliness between them.Cats are creatures that are avid after tactile communication with others of their kind or even with humans. They usually rub their bodies against each other, especially rough the face area but also along their bodies, intertwining their tails. Some domestic and savage cats use each other as cushions, this behavior being some form of social bonding and affection. They love grooming each other and curl up together. Owner of over 1000 tiny receptors, the crocodile is very sensitive to any kind of presence or movement. These receptors are present around their jaw line and they can easily detect vibrations in the water and the location of their prey even when a small insect stops by to take a drink.Animal communication has always been fascinating to humans as we try to understand which are the s imilarities and differences between human language and animals ways of expressing themselves.Karl von Frisch, a professor of zoology at the University of Munich, conducted some research on bee communication during around thirty years and he revealed some important principles that helped us understand more about animal communication(Benveniste 1953) First of all, we found out that there are some similarities between bee communication and human language. They are able to offer and to receive capacitys that contain real data, they can describe the location and the distance of a certain object and they can communicate all these by using various somatic movements. Therefore, it was demonstrated that bees own some kind of memory which enables them to reposition all the data and then transmit it to others.On the other hand, the differences between human language and bee communication are significant. Bees can only transmit the message through body language without being able to create so unds through vocal organs. Their communication can occur only during daylight, an element that permits visual scholarship while human communication is not limited by this factor.Another important difference between the two languages is the fact that, unlike humans, bees cant carry a dialogue therefore there is no exchange of linguistic information and no reply from the receiver of the message. Also, bees messages cant be analyzed because they can only be seen as a general reference to a total content. But in humans speech, each utterance can be reduced to parts that could easily be combined according to some certain rules so there is a great variety in human language. So, we got to the conclusion that bees communication is not a language but a signal code because there is an invariableness of the message, a unilaterality of transmission, an impossibility of separating the elements of the message and also fixity of the topic.Studies made on non-human primates showed that while huma ns acquire extra information about a speakers intentions, wishes, and beliefs during a dialogue, apes and monkeys appear to have no such abilities because there is no theory of mind. Their way of communicating might appear a bit chaotic when it is compared to human language. For example, when they encounter dangerous situations, they create some alarm vocalizations which are not structured but short and noisy. These sounds are ideally produced to capture the listeners attention as quick as possible in order to warn it about the potential dangers and to make it reply really fast.To conclude, the lack of a real language in animal communication does not mean that there is no similarity between human language and animal communication. Humans will always make research about animal communication in order to get a better understanding of the way the non-human beings express themselves.Bibliography and ReferencesAnon, Whales make noise to communicate, locate food, and find each other. , p. http//oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/whalesounds.htm. Available at http//oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/whalesounds.htm Accessed January 15, 2014.Benveniste, E., 1953. Animal Communication and Human nomenclature The Language of the Bees. Diogenes, 1(1), pp.17. Available at http//dio.sagepub.com/cgi/doi/10.1177/039219215300100101 Accessed January 11, 2014.MacMillanDictionary, No Title. Available at http//www.macmillandictionary.com/dictionary/british/communication Accessed January 14, 2014.Rendall, D., Owren, M.J. Ryan, M.J., 2009. What do animal signals mean? Animal Behaviour, 78(2), pp.233240. Available at http//linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0003347209002589 Accessed January 11, 2014.1

The Role Of Teaching Grammar In School

The Role Of direction Grammar In SchoolIn the past, in a tralatitious classroom, grammatical competence and explicit knowledge of address rules were emphasized. Grammar pedagogics held such an essential part in language teaching that other aspects became either ignored or downplayed. People assumed that if the grammatical rules of a language were mastered, the success of communication in that language was ensured (Richards and Renandya, 2002, p.145). Therefore, at that time this assumption required learners to pay much attention to grammar rules, sentence structures and forms. Every leaners, even children at a very unripe age, were made to study the complicated rules of grammar (Dash, 2007, p.91).This viewpoint inherits in itself several weaknesses. Dash likewise pointed out one of them, saying that new-made educationists believe although a pupil has known all the grammar rules, he or she still makes the most elementary mistakes in grammar. Moreover, increased knowledge in gra mmar doesnt patron students to increase the capability to use english correctly (p. 92). If learners just spend years learning only the formal properties of the language, they can non exchange information, express ideas or feelings. To be able to communicate, they moldiness learn grammatical rules in real communication. That is the reason why though students can do excellent exercises after studying grammar lesson, their ability to speak may non be improved. It is traditional grammar teaching that led to failure in communication.Acknowledging the imperfection of traditional view of grammar, things began to change in the tardily 1960s and early 1970s. It is argued that to be a competent user of a language, one needs to knows not only the rules of grammar, but also how the rules are utilise in real communication (Richards and Renandya, 2002, p.145). During this period, grammar teaching became less important or in some cases was abandoned. Many other teaching methods which were so ught to replace traditional language teaching such as Communicative run-in Teaching (CLT), Functional grammar and Consciousness-raising mainly focused on how to use it communicatively.To replace traditional grammar practice, Consciousness-raising is offered. Consciousness-raising, also known as awareness-raising, is part of the process a learner can go through with new language. Students first become aware or aware of the new language, then recognise and distinguish it, then produce it. Through Consciousness-raising, learners will develop an explicit knowledge of the grammar of the language which facilitates their ability to communicate (Richards and Renandya, 2002, p.146. setback to traditional approaches, the goal of teaching grammar in a consciousness-raising is to instil correct grammatical patterns and habits directly through carefully-designed activities. This means it is not always a must to teach grammar points explicitly. Learners may also be led to grammatical rules imp licitly. Nevertheless, this method has its own limitations. Because this method requires thinking much, it may not be fascinate for young learners and beginners, or others who prefer learning by practising to thinking may dislike it. In addition, the aim of this method is helping learners to know about the language and it does not emphasize on immediate language use. Consequently, it may take a long time for the learners to be able to communicate in L2 spontaneously.Communicative Language Teaching (CLT) mainly focused on the communicative process and the negociation of meaning between participants. Learners need to know not only forms but also meanings and functions.That is, harmonise to Hymes (1971), in CLT they will develop communicative competence, knowing when to say what to whom and how. (Freeman, 2002, p.121). Therefore, the activities in CLT are often meaningful tasks which involve real communication such as language games, picture strip story, role play..etc. Though this i s an effective approach of teaching grammar communicatively, it is believed to fill the gap in traditional grammar between forms and usage indirectly. The reason is that it does not necessarily deal with grammar sytematically. Actually, when communicative approaches are adopted, they are often represented as a combination of traditional grammar with communicative enhancements. (Hinkel and Fotos, 2002, p.79)Another approach associate to CLT is teaching functional grammar. It is a general theory of the organization of natural language developed by Simon C. Dik, Michael Halliday and others. In general, the difference between functional approaches and traditional approaches is their focus. Functional approaches primarily focus on the communicative aspect of language in a particular context while traditional grammar focus on rules and syntax. According to this method, a given language form cannot guarantee an effective communicative skill without referring to the circumstances because s ome forms of expression may be appropriate while the others are not. Therefore, this way of teaching grammar provides leaners with good knowledge of using the right forms in different situations. Nonetheless, though representing an important advance in binder grammar to meaningful functions (Hinkel and Fotos, 2002, p.79), it causes some difficulty for learners. For instance, systemic functional grammar developed by Halliday mainly deals with meaning in context, it is often more complex than traditional grammar in terms of labels while traditional grammar is more concerned with rules. Therefore, it may take time to learn functional grammar.After a period in which the role of grammar declined, in recent years it has regained its rightful place in the language curriculum (Richards and Renandya, 2002, p.145). Now people realize that grammar is very important to the leaners language development.Teaching grammar in classroom todayIn today classroom, though there are many methods for teac hing grammar, some teachers still prefer traditional grammar because it does not require much of the their language competence beyond the texbook. (Ho, 2007, p.28). This method is also supported by public attitudes. People assume that in public gamey schools teachers will teach good grammar for student success. Therefore, traditional grammar teaching is still widely accepted. There are others who believe an integrated method may be a good choice. In sum, until now there is no conclusion which is the best method in teaching grammar and methodologists are still doing researchs to find as many effective ways as possible.

Personal Narrative †Atheist Essay -- Personal Narrative Writing

Personal Narrative AtheistI didnt ask for the parson to come over. I would have oft rather been left alone to captivate solar day sentence TV. True, I was beginning to feel I little isolated, but some sissy-voiced holy man I hardly knew wasnt going to make me feel any better. But it was standard policy to notify the church when one of its fold has been hospitalized, for prayer requests and all that mush, and when the pastor heard that I was already home, he felt obligated to visit, as if seeing my swollen, drooling face was somehow doing me a favor.If only I could have had the operating theatre a year ago, when I still believed in God, but the surgeon made me wear these braces first, buying me plenty of time to attend my appetiser year of college. The first class I took was a religion course, Literature of the Old and New Testament. Although Id always considered myself a Christian, I had never taken time to read the Bible, partly out of apathy and partly out of fear, until tha t class. During the semester, with my bliss of ignorance lifted, I discovered how barbaric the Christian faith was. I learned of the hit of men sent to die by Davids hand so he could learn a lesson nigh lechery, of the Egyptian corpses floating in the Red Sea. at that place was also the famous sacrifice Issac prank God pulled on Abraham, and the office pool between God and His Accuser to see how long Job could be toyed with originally he snapped. Worst of all, a brief tour of Revelations revealed that the Devil might have been the product of a fever dream taken too ill and that the only real Evil in the world sprang from the hands of an arrogant, pissy God.Mom was busy tidying up the room, dusting this and that so the church didnt think we were total slobs. She s... ...drens Motrin. God may have crushed Jacobs nuts, but a warrior God was still the only god worth praying to.The prayer began with a brief request for the Lord to watch over me, which turned my thoughts once again to the little brass Jesus in the recovery room. I had secretly missed the little Jesus since the day I checked out, but as the pastor was praying the same old Christian rhetoric, I realized that I didnt need him anymore. The real Jesus was honoring over me. Dont ask me how I knew, but I knew. Jesus was watching over the entire world, protecting it as if it were His younger brother. Protecting it from an abusive Father.As the pastor left I flicked on the TV, more to have something to stare at than something to watch, and to the low, lulling drone of newscasters covering a political scandal, I silently wondered about the last time I attended church.

HIV and AIDS :: STD, HIV, AIDS

AIDS/human immunodeficiency virusAcquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome, better known as AIDS, is caused bythe incurable human immunodeficiency virus virus. AIDS is a deadly disease that deteriorates the immunesystem. There are two groups of HIV (human immunodeficiency virus), HIV-1 thatoccurs throughout the world and HIV-2 that mainly occurs in Africa. The HIVvirus enters the white blood cells and takes over the reproductive system ofthat cell and uses the system to reproduce itself. The white blood cell diesand the new HIV cells cloud other white blood cells and repeat the process.The Person with the disease will eventually die because the white blood celldies off tottally.If you have proceed polluteed with the AIDS disease you may not have anysymptoms of the disease for the next ten years. People with the HIV virususually smell and feel healthy and may not even know that they are infected.Even though they dont look or feel sick, they can still infect others.When the symptoms do start to happen they can be like the ones of manycommon sicknesses such as swollen glands, coughing, fever, and diarrhea. It isusually characterized by severe free weight loss and fatigue.The AIDS diseasemakes the less serious conditions harder for your body to control or get rid ofbecause of the loss of many of the white blood cells in your body. The mostcommon causes of oddment for the people with AIDS are pneumonia and Kaposissarcoma. Kaposis sarcoma which shows up as purple lesions on the skin andtumors known as B-cell lymphomas have touch on 70% of the infected people.AIDS is transmitted in three main ways. Intimate sexual contact such ashaving vaginal, anal or unwritten sex with someone who is infected with HIV is themost common. While direct contact with infected blood, like sharing needles forinjecting drugs, HIV also can be passed from an infected mother to her babyduring pregancy or childbirth. Although some people speculate, you cannotreceive the disease from kissing on the cheek and it is very unlikely that youcould get HIV even from open mouth kissing, you also cannot get thedisease/virus from close hugging, touching, cuddling, and massages as long asthere isnt any open cuts or abrassions. HIV also cannot be contracted fromusing toilet seats,telephones, drinking fountains, straws, spoons, or cups ormosquitoes, air, food, water, coughs/sneezes, sweat or tears.AIDS is a life and death issue. To have the AIDS disease is a sentenceof slow except defininate death. There currently is no cure or vaccine for thisdisease but there are drugs that have been proven effective in slowing the

Death In The Woods - Thematic Explication Essay -- essays research pap

Our universe is an ever-turning wheel that maintains a beautiful balance of life. On the spokes of this wheel the existence of all(a) things is assured life is given, bodies and souls are fed, each position on the wheel is cultivated by the next, and then one day we will pass away, all to start the circle again in another mysterious way. Take a moment to look around you and see the many cycles that exist for the doctor purpose of keeping our wheel in motion, and then recognize how little these great givers of life are celebrated, or even noticed. Without a gage mind we will all at one time or another dishonor the same things that pay tri barelye to us. But that, too, is a part of the cycle. Its not good, nor is it bad. It just is.In his story Death in the Woods, Sherwood Anderson demonstrates mankinds ability to take for granted the gifts received through our Mother Earth, ably symbolized by an old woman with no name. He also reveals to his reader the beauty that lies within t he ceremonies of life and death that are constantly taking determine all around us and within us. The story is broken into 5 different parts, told in first person, and although the narrator is not the main character, he lends portentous importance to the symbolism that takes place throughout the tale.In the first part of the story our nameless storyteller introduces his reader to an old woman one that everyone sees, but nobody knows. Demonstrating societys lack of concern for such an old woman, the narrator states, People drive right down a road and never notice an old woman like that (23). In this first section he uses the words old woman eight times, and yet we know he considers her to be strong, not frail like the people that we usually associate with the condition of being aged. Our first clue of this takes place in the first and second paragraphs where she is diligently working to make a few eggs and hens trade into enough food to feed a farm. This is her job, and she does it without complaint. Somehow, she is able to make the impossible work. In the fifth paragraph he describes himself as a young and sick boy with rheumatism (23), and then in the next sentence depicts her carrying a heavy(p) pack on her back- one that he could probably not manage on his own. In that pack on her back she carries the burden of feeding and condole with for those that depend on her, and yet she ma... ...r shoulder. She is a young and innocent girl once again, and she is ultimately given her due respect in death. Unfortunately, when the weight of our burdens finally does our Mother Earth in, we wont be able to mourn her and put her to rest with ceremony. Our own circle of life is far too unfree on hers. Most likely, the animals on the old womans farm will die within days of her passing, since there will no long-lasting be anyone around to fulfill their needs.In the fifth and final part of the story the narrator recounts how the details all come together for him since the time of the old womans death. He slowly collects the pieces of information throughout his life in a quest to understand the meaning of it all. For some enlightened people, the chase for understanding of our place in the universe is very much like that. We gather together the clues that our Mother leaves us and slowly come to respect the chief(prenominal) nature of life and death. We begin to see the rituals, appreciate our roles and recognize the signs of our Mothers wellness, or illness. The cycle of life and death is dependant on our cooperation, or lack thereof. We decide how much we want to invest into its abundance.

Juan Gris Essays -- essays research papers fc

Juan Gris, a Spanish-born painter, made important contributions to the modern style of painting called Cubism. Griss paintings were always depicting his immediate surroundings. He painted still lives serene of simple, everyday headings, portraits of friends, and occasionally landscapes or cityscapes. The objects in his paintings and collages are more clearly defined and richly colored than those in the works of the earlier cubists Pablo Picasso and Georges Braque. His attention to the object in his compositions, and more typically Spanish hues, link his work to the Spanish still-life tradition. That tradition presents itself in numerous of his works. In Gris, work Bottle of Anis del Mono he puts the whole label of the bottle. Most typical of which is Picassos Spanish Still Life. In this work, Picasso utilizes the precise red and yellow colors of the Spanish flag in depicting a ticket to a bullfight. artificial cubism was what Gris was painting. Pablo Picasso also being of Spanis h decent used these influences. Cubism began as an intellectual revolt against the artistic mental synthesis of previous eras. Analytical Cubism and Synthetic Cubism are the two main terms used to describe paintings from this movement. In Analytical Cubism, the artist broke down, or analyzed, and and then reassembled the observed forms in a mixture of ways. Similarly, in Synthetic Cubism, artists attempted to synthesize or combine imaginative elements into new representational structures. Among the specific elements given by the cubists were the sensual appeal of paint caryopsis and color, subject matter with emotional charge or mood, the play of light on form, movement, atmosphere, and the illusionism that proceeded from scientifically establish perspective. Instead, Cubists used an analytic system in order to disjoint and reorganize the three-dimensional subject, which they were painting. In a shallow plane or within many interlocking and usually transparent planes the object would be lost and found again. Usually showing the object from different angles on a two dimensional plane. Originally, from Spain, Juan Gris moved to Paris in 1906. It was there where he learned and watched the progression of cubism. He met and lived next to innovators of this art form, Pablo Picasso and Georges Braque. Although he is not the pioneer of this art form, his kickoff significant paintings appeared in 1910 and... ...y. Such profound events, which altered French society, are certainly connected to the stylistic development of Cubism. Griss style was a commentary of the times. In his 1914 work, The Table, Gris pasted a newspaper headline onto the table, which when translated, means The True and the False and the concept of illusion versus reality. The texture is independent of the objects. The woodwind instrument grain representing the texture and material of the table seems to be distant from its outline, the glass of the table. Underneath it, there is a key meant to o pen the drawer to the table revealing no wood grain and what Gris felt was the truth of the primed and plain white canvas. This paralleled the truth depicted in the headline. Griss ability to contrast the clearly defined images, with the extremely abstract and disorienting images, was his signature style during this period. Still Life with a Guitar is a perfect example of Griss early works in Synthetic Cubism. He retained this style throughout his career and it ultimately became his trademark.BibliographyAntliff, Mark and Patricia Leighten, Cubism and Culture, Thames and Hudson, 2000.Green, Christopher, Juan Gris, Yale, 1992.

Charles Dickens Great Expectations Essay -- Great Expectations Essays

Charles Dickens Great ExpectationsIn chapter eight Dickens begins with a detailed verbal description of SatisHouse, we argon given a vivid idea of what is in store for Pip rightfrom the beginning. The language and phrases used emphasise thedarkness and forbidding temper of the habitation. When Pip first enters the family line he describes it as having, old bricks, and dismal, and had agreat many iron bars to it. Some of the twistingows had been walled up ofthose that remained, all the lower were rustily barred. This adds tothe melodic line of darkness, because all the windows had been walledup. In addition, there is a feeling of old age and this is portrayedwhen Dickens talks about the windows being rustily barred and howthe house was made from old bricks.The way is created by the portrayal of the dull, dusky and dispiritedhouse. This is emphasised even more when Estella tells Pip aboutSatis House meaning Enough House. This could have twoimplications one meaning is that the hous e is enough to satisfyanyone. Towards the end of the chapter, the reader will find that thisis not the meaning that is being portrayed. The more sensible andrelative meaning is everyone has had enough of the house and of lifeitself, this is more related to Miss Havisham. In addition, Pip hashad enough of the house, because after being there for a little whilehe wants to go home.Inside the house, a feeling of death and darkness is revealed and weget the feeling that nothing is as it seems. This is shown by Pipsdescription of the house, for example Pip says, the cold wind seemedto be colder there, than outside the gate. Satis House is also seenas a Prison through Pips eyes because he talks about the windows... ...iphas to leave the room, because the surroundings are to daunting forhim. This tells us that Jaggers has no remorse for those that havedied and once again is heartless, but also brave for being able tolive in such peculiar and unnatural atmospheres.To conclude everything, D ickens creates a sense of dirt and filththrough out London He does this by describing the surroundings inimmense detail using effective language. However, the main reason whythe image is portrayed very effectively is the change of setting, fromthe quiet countryside to the busy urban center streets. A lot is emphasised onthe relationship between character and setting, so it should be nosurprise when Pip encounters objects of punishment and Justice over he looks at Jaggers work. Overall, the images of death areconjured up to indicate Mr Jaggers has power over life and death.